Tropical Genetics

Literature review on the genetic variability of Escherichia coli in clinical isolates: relationship with antibiotic resistance and virulence factors

2025-08-31T10:15:06+08:00

Escherichia coli is a natural flora found in the intestine, but Escherichia coli is also a major repository of resistance genes that may be responsible for treatment failure in humans and animals. This study aims to understand and evaluate the genetic variability of Escherichia coli in clinical isolates and to determine the correlation between genetic variability and antibiotic resistance. This study uses a literature review method. This study presents the results of a search for studies related to the topic, namely the genetic variability of Escherichia coli in clinical isolates and the relationship with antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. The criteria for articles used as data are articles published in the last 10 years, namely from 2015 to 2025. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that genetic variability in Escherichia coli in clinical isolates plays an important role in adaptation, pathogenicity, and antibiotic resistance. Mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT), mutations, and genome rearrangements allow E. coli to acquire virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes, such as genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) including TEM, SHV, and CTX-M. These genes are often located on mobile plasmids, which support the spread of resistance between bacterial strains and species, complicating infection control and clinical treatment.

Morphometric characterization and genetic distance of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in several region in Indonesia

2025-08-31T10:14:49+08:00

Rabbits are a group of animals that are very popular and enjoyed by the community. Rabbits, in general, have the high biological and economic potential to produce quality meat, skin, and hair, as well as pets (ornamental) and modern business farming. Rabbits are well known in Indonesia and developed mostly for farming. This literature study discusses morphometric characteristics and genetic distances among rabbits. The parameters used were head length (PK), head width (LK), ear length (PTL), ear width (LTL), chest circumference (LKD), chest width (LD), humerus bone length (PH), radius-ulna bone length (PRU), tibial bone length (PT), and body length (PB). The results of body variables measurement in FG rabbits had a higher mean for body size, including PK (12.64 cm), PTL (13.59 cm), LTL (6.47 cm), PH (9.52 cm), PRU (8, 95 cm), and PB (41.97 cm) compared to other families. Genetic distance shows that it has a close genetic distance (0.63106), while the farthest genetic distance is found between Rexb rabbits and ES rabbits, which is 6.96749. The genetic distances and tree phenogram construction are useful for estimating kinship between Rabbits clumps.

Variasi fenotip cadel (disartria) pada populasi mahasiswa Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Padang

2025-08-31T10:15:55+08:00

Lisp (Dysarthria) is an abnormality in the nervous system that can affect the performance of the articulatory muscles or speech organs. The Hardy-Weinberg Law states that the frequency of genes in a population remains constant from one generation to the next if there are no evolutionary processes such as migration, mutation, natural selection and gene flow. This research aims to analyze the variation in the Lisp (Dysarthria) phenotype in the Biology Faculty student population. Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padang State University. Data was obtained through an online questionnaire that identified the predominance of Lisp (Dysarthria) (Dysarthria or not Dysarthria). The results of the study showed that Lisp (Dysarthria) was found in a number of students in a proportion 10 people out of a total of 105 respondents. Analysis using the Hardy-Weinberg law shows that the frequency of dominant (p) and recessive (q) alleles. The frequency of the recessive allele (q) which causes the absence of lisp (dysarthria) is around 0.30, while the frequency of the dominant allele (P) is around 0 .7. Based on calculations, the estimated genotype proportions are 49% homozygous dominant (CC), 42% heterozygous (Cc), and 9.6% homozygous recessive (cc). These results indicate that the population of FMIPA UNP biology students is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium regarding the characteristic of lisp (dysarthria). Phenotypic variations of Lisp (Dysarthria) provide an overview of genetic diversity in the population environment of Biology students, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Padang State University and can be the basis for further research regarding the relationship between genetic factors and phenotypic expression in human populations.

Keywords: Disartria, Phenotype, Variation, Student, Genetics.

ABSTRAK

Cadel (Disartria) merupakan kondisi kelainan pada sistem saraf yang dapat memengaruhi kinerja otot artikulator atau organ bicara. Hukum Hardy-Weinberg menyatakan frekuensi gen dalam suatu populasi tetap konstan dari satu generasi ke generasi berikutnya jika tidak ada proses evolusi seperti migrasi, mutasi, seleksi alam dan aliran gen.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis variasi fenotip Cadel (Disartria) pada populasi mahasiswa Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Padang.Data diperoleh melalui kuisioner daring yang mengidentifikasi dominasi Cadel(Disartria) (Disartria atau tidak Disartria).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Cadel (Disartria) ditemukan pada sejumlah mahasiswa dengan proporsi 10 orang dari jumlah total responden 105 orang. Analisis menggunakan hukum Hardy-Weinberg menunjukkan bahwa Frekuensi alel dominan (p) dan resesif (q).frekuensi alel resesif (q) yang menyebabkan tidak adanya Cadel (Disartria) adalah sekitar 0,30, sedangkan frekuensi alel dominan (P) adalah sekitar 0,7. Berdasarkan perhitungan, proporsi genotip yang diestimasi adalah 49% homozigot dominan (CC), 42% heterozigot (Cc), dan 9,6% homozigot resesif (cc). Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa populasi mahasiswa biologi FMIPA UNP berada dalam keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg terkait sifat Cadel (Disartria) . Variasi fenotip Cadel (Disartria) memberikan gambaran keberagaman genetik di lingkungan populasi mahasiswa Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Padang dan dapat menjadi dasar untuk penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai hubungan antara faktor genetik dan ekspresi fenotipik pada populasi manusia.

Kata kunci: Disartria, Fenotip, Variasi, Mahasiswa, Genetika.

Variasi Fenotip Lesung Pipit pada Populasi Mahasiswa Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Padang

2025-08-31T10:15:31+08:00

Lesung pipi merupakan salah satu variasi fenotip yang mudah diamati pada manusia dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik serta non-genetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis variasi fenotip lesung pipit pada populasi mahasiswa Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Padang. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan pendekatan survei. Data dikumpulkan melalui pengamatan langsung dan pencatatan karakteristik lesung pipit, meliputi keberadaannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lesung pipit ditemukan pada sejumlah mahasiswa dengan proporsi 25 orang dari jumlah total responden 105 orang. Analisis menggunakan hukum Hardy-Weinberg menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi alel resesif (d) yang menyebabkan tidak adanya lesung pipi adalah sekitar 0,48, sedangkan frekuensi alel dominan (D) adalah sekitar 0,52. Berdasarkan perhitungan, proporsi genotip yang diestimasi adalah 27,04% homozigot dominan (DD), 49,92% heterozigot (Dd), dan 23,04% homozigot resesif (dd). Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa populasi mahasiswa biologi FMIPA UNP berada dalam kesetimbangan Hardy-Weinberg terkait sifat lesung pipi. Variasi fenotip lesung pipit memberikan gambaran keberagaman genetik di lingkungan populasi mahasiswa Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Padang dan dapat menjadi dasar untuk penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai hubungan antara faktor genetik dan ekspresi fenotipik pada populasi manusia.

The ABO system blood group determination in genetics class

2025-09-02T10:15:49+08:00

This study aims to determine the blood type of genetics class students based on the ABO system. Blood type is a grouping of human blood based on the presence of agglutinogen on the surface of red blood cells and agglutinin in blood plasma. The activity was carried out in the laboratory of the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin State Islamic University of Jambi, using the slide test method using Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-AB reagents. The results of the observation showed that the majority of students had blood type O (63%), while blood types A (18%), B (9%), and AB (9%). This examination utilizes the principle of agglutination, where a clotting reaction occurs if agglutinogen on red blood cells reacts with the relevant agglutinin in the reagent. Determination of blood type is very important for blood transfusions, organ transplants, and medical identification. This study provides students with a practical understanding of the blood type examination procedure and its significance in the health sector.